Plus: New Zealand's mysterious "owl parrots," why some dog breeds howl more, and orca moms.
 
 

ON THE MENU

Good morning!

 

Just in time for Valentine’s Day, zookeepers figured out how gibbons in separate cages got romantic. The female — “Momo” — gave birth to a baby whose DNA showed that a male named “Itou” held the smoking gun. How they got together was a mystery until staff found a hole in the partition separating them. While only 0.35 inches in diameter, it was clearly big enough for some nooky. Read on about love hormones, wild dogs, and memory.

 
Fast Fact
 

QUICK BITE

For prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), it’s Valentine’s Day year-round. They mate for life, making new litters of babies every month that are raised by both mom and dad. Their coupling up has made them the subject of research on pair bonding hormones. And a new study shows that these little cuddlers bond even when their receptors for the love hormone — oxytocin — are shut off. They must have something to teach us about love.

 
Grab Bag
 

GRAB BAG

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION

Wolf whistles

Dogs more closely related to wolves are howlers 

If you have malamutes, you may feel like you’re living in a pack of wolves. If you have chihuahuas… probably not. Now, a new study confirms what dog owners already suspected, that dogs more closely related to wolves behave more like wolves. 

 

Wolves howl to keep in touch with each other across distance and maintain territorial defense. Researchers played wolf howls for 28 breeds of dogs, from ancient (Siberian husky) to recent (Beagles). They found that breed’s genetic distance from wolves correlated with whether it howled back or just barked. Suggests study author Tamás Faragó, “Ancient breeds of our study might become stressed by intruding on a pack's territory and use howling for the sake of avoidance, just as wolves do.” 

 

Dog howling also appeared to relate to how stressed an individual dog felt when hearing wolf howls. More vulnerable dogs such as older ones and neutered males howled more. Says study author Fanni Lehoczki, “The dog howl may mean “I am scared, don't come closer.” So, think twice before you reveal your fear with a wolf howl.

 

ENDANGERED SPECIES

High-maintenance relationships

New Zealand’s endangered “Owl Parrots” could use some more mates

There’s a certain amount of trial and error in trying to save an endangered species that comes out only at night, lives on the ground but feeds in the trees, and lives more than 60 years. The Kākāpō of New Zealand is an unusual parrot that has just over 150 remaining individuals on three tiny islands that serve as refuges from introduced predators. 

 

Kākāpō recovery efforts have included hand-rearing hatchlings in captivity. But, due to generations of inbreeding in a population with only 51 birds, only about half the eggs hatch. Now, a new study reveals some of the pitfalls of captive rearing — namely that hand-reared males have lower fertility as adults; and that females can hatch more eggs by mating with multiple males. 

 

A high female-male sex ratio stimulates competition for females that results in the fertility-boosting multiple mating. Write the study authors, “that opportunity for sperm competition should be maximized by increasing population densities, optimizing sex ratios, and using artificial insemination.” Sounds like biologists and Kākāpōs have their work cut out.

 

ANIMAL PARENTS

Mama's boys

Orca moms invest more in their sons than daughters

Adult daughters of killer whales (Orcinus orca) might not owe their mom a Valentines card, but sons certainly do. A recent study found that orca mothers cut their daughters off from food sharing as soon as they hit puberty, while continuing to feed adult sons. This is despite the fact that both sons and daughters typically stay in the mother’s pod all their lives.

 

Researchers were surprised to find Orca moms off the coast of Washington State and Vancouver continuing to hunt fish for their sons even while it reduced the moms’ chances of having more calves. Indeed, the attachment never waned, with Orcas still supporting their mama’s boys as they aged in what the researchers called “an extreme example of extended maternal care.”

 

In explaining the odd behavior, study author Michael Weiss says, “Males are quite a bit bigger than females, so they need more calories and are also a little less maneuverable, so they may have less luck catching fish.” That sounds like what a mother says as she cooks her college-age boy his third breakfast.

 
In The News
 

IN THE NEWS

  • Your brain 'zips and unzips' information to perform skilled tasks.

  • Cinnamon has some interesting effects of on memory and learning.

  • "Lost" memories from sleep deprivation could be retrieved by an asthma drug.

 
The Full Scope
 

THE FULL SCOPE

Will she ask me to be her Valentine and invite me to dance? Will I be able to waltz without stepping on her feet? Complex movements like dancing require not just motivation but memory. Now, on what’s considered the most Romantic Holiday in the U.S., our memories are being put to the test. It’s time to unzip our brains.

 

Literally. A new study shows that we complete tasks by zipping and unzipping our brains to move information around. Researchers monitored brain activity as 24 people learned and memorized sequences of notes on a keyboard. They observed that the order and timing of movements are managed separately, then zipped together by the brain into movement commands. 

 

“Perhaps this unzipping mechanism helps us to stay flexible for adjustments, even in the final hundreds of milliseconds before we start the movement,” says study author Katja Kornysheva. If you catch yourself about to make an errant dance step, you can change course and at least avoid stomping on your partner’s foot. Thanks, brain!

 

And if you’re finding it impossible to learn a new dance step, boosting your cinnamon intake is not a bad strategy. Cinnamon has long been recognized for its antioxidant, antibiotic, and anti-inflammatory properties that may counteract various diseases. Ground from the bark of the Cinnamomum tree, its authentic version has been ascribed medicinal uses since at least 2000 BC. 

 

Now, in a recent review of 40 studies to date, cinnamon is also implicated in memory. Report study authors, "In vivo studies showed that using cinnamon or its components, such as eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, and cinnamic acid, could positively alter cognitive function." For example, a study of teens witnessed lower anxiety and better memory in those who chewed cinnamon gum. It might not be a bad option to keep your breath fresh for that Valentine’s Day dance date, either. 

 

The thing is, if you’re so anxious about the date that you lose sleep over it, you’re not likely to dance well. Sleep deprivation impairs memory processing in the hippocampal region of the brain. Normally, your hippocampus would consolidate your memories during your sleep. Just like a professor might warn students “that an overnighter is not helping them prepare for an exam,” you can figure your sleep loss will undercut your Valentine’s Day dance skills. 

 

The good news is that a recent study found that information is not irretrievably lost, it’s just difficult to retrieve from storage. With drug treatment combined with neuronal stimulation, mice were able to get their memories back for where objects were stored. The bad news is that you’re not likely to convince a doc to control your neuronal activity just to spare you embarrassment at the dance.

 

So, best to review “Why we remember, and forget. And what we can do about it,” by two neurology experts. And check out new findings about brain growth linked to certain edible mushrooms.

 
NerdSnack Picks
 

NERDSNACK PICKS

  • This chef made a life-size velociraptor entirely out of chocolate.
  • Speaking of chocolate, here’s a microCT scan of a Resse’s Peanut Butter Cup.

  • Atlas Obscura has a round-up of the most extreme animal mating rituals.

  • Finally, a brief explainer on the science of falling in love.

 

COMING UP

Next time, we’ll get into the heads of some predators and prey.

 

MEME OF THE WEEK

Written by Devin Reese, Edited by Jake Currie

 

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